Upstream information
Description
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:spi: spi-qpic-snand: reallocate BAM transactions
Using the mtd_nandbiterrs module for testing the driver occasionally
results in weird things like below.
1. swiotlb mapping fails with the following message:
[ 85.926216] qcom_snand 79b0000.spi: swiotlb buffer is full (sz: 4294967294 bytes), total 512 (slots), used 0 (slots)
[ 85.932937] qcom_snand 79b0000.spi: failure in mapping desc
[ 87.999314] qcom_snand 79b0000.spi: failure to write raw page
[ 87.999352] mtd_nandbiterrs: error: write_oob failed (-110)
Rebooting the board after this causes a panic due to a NULL pointer
dereference.
2. If the swiotlb mapping does not fail, rebooting the board may result
in a different panic due to a bad spinlock magic:
[ 256.104459] BUG: spinlock bad magic on CPU#3, procd/2241
[ 256.104488] Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address ffffffff0000049b
...
Investigating the issue revealed that these symptoms are results of
memory corruption which is caused by out of bounds access within the
driver.
The driver uses a dynamically allocated structure for BAM transactions,
which structure must have enough space for all possible variations of
different flash operations initiated by the driver. The required space
heavily depends on the actual number of 'codewords' which is calculated
from the pagesize of the actual NAND chip.
Although the qcom_nandc_alloc() function allocates memory for the BAM
transactions during probe, but since the actual number of 'codewords'
is not yet know the allocation is done for one 'codeword' only.
Because of this, whenever the driver does a flash operation, and the
number of the required transactions exceeds the size of the allocated
arrays the driver accesses memory out of the allocated range.
To avoid this, change the code to free the initially allocated BAM
transactions memory, and allocate a new one once the actual number of
'codewords' required for a given NAND chip is known.
SUSE information
Overall state of this security issue: Resolved
This issue is currently rated as having important severity.
SUSE | |
---|---|
Base Score | 7.8 |
Vector | CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H |
Attack Vector | Local |
Attack Complexity | Low |
Privileges Required | Low |
User Interaction | None |
Scope | Unchanged |
Confidentiality Impact | High |
Integrity Impact | High |
Availability Impact | High |
CVSSv3 Version | 3.1 |
SUSE | |
---|---|
Base Score | 8.5 |
Vector | CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N |
Attack Vector | Local |
Attack Complexity | Low |
Attack Requirements | None |
Privileges Required | Low |
User Interaction | None |
Vulnerable System Confidentiality Impact | High |
Vulnerable System Integrity Impact | High |
Vulnerable System Availability Impact | High |
Subsequent System Confidentiality Impact | None |
Subsequent System Integrity Impact | None |
Subsequent System Availability Impact | None |
CVSSv4 Version | 4.0 |
Note from the SUSE Security Team on the kernel-default package
SUSE will no longer fix all CVEs in the Linux Kernel anymore, but declare some bug classes as won't fix. Please refer to TID 21496 for more details. SUSE Bugzilla entry: 1247168 [RESOLVED / INVALID] No SUSE Security Announcements cross referenced.Status of this issue by product and package
Please note that this evaluation state might be work in progress, incomplete or outdated. Also information for service packs in the LTSS phase is only included for issues meeting the LTSS criteria. If in doubt, feel free to contact us for clarification. The updates are grouped by state of their lifecycle. SUSE product lifecycles are documented on the lifecycle page.
Product(s) | Source package | State |
---|---|---|
Products under general support and receiving all security fixes. | ||
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP6 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP6 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP7 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability Extension 15 SP7 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP6 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP6 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP6 | kernel-source-azure | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP7 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP7 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP7 | kernel-source-azure | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Live Patching 15 SP6 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Live Patching 15 SP6 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Live Patching 15 SP7 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Live Patching 15 SP7 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.1 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.1 | kernel-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.1 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.1 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.2 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.2 | kernel-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.2 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.2 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.3 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.3 | kernel-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.3 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.3 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.4 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.4 | kernel-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.4 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.4 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.5 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.5 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.5 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP6 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP6 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP7 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP7 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Development Tools 15 SP6 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Development Tools 15 SP6 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Development Tools 15 SP7 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Development Tools 15 SP7 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Legacy 15 SP7 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Legacy 15 SP7 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Public Cloud 15 SP6 | kernel-source-azure | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Public Cloud 15 SP7 | kernel-source-azure | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15 SP6 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15 SP7 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP6 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP6 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP6 | kernel-source-azure | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP7 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP7 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP7 | kernel-source-azure | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 SP6 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 SP6 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 SP6 | kernel-source-azure | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 SP7 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 SP7 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 SP7 | kernel-source-azure | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Workstation Extension 15 SP6 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Workstation Extension 15 SP6 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Workstation Extension 15 SP7 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Workstation Extension 15 SP7 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Micro 6.0 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Micro 6.0 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Micro 6.0 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Micro 6.1 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Micro 6.1 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Micro 6.1 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Real Time Module 15 SP6 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Real Time Module 15 SP7 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
openSUSE Leap 15.6 | kernel-default | Not affected |
openSUSE Leap 15.6 | kernel-source | Not affected |
openSUSE Leap 15.6 | kernel-source-azure | Not affected |
openSUSE Leap 15.6 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
Products under Long Term Service Pack support and receiving important and critical security fixes. | ||
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP3 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP3-ESPOS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP3-LTSS | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP3-LTSS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-LTSS | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-LTSS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP5 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP5 | kernel-source-azure | Unsupported |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP5-ESPOS | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP5-ESPOS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP5-LTSS | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP5-LTSS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Live Patching 12 SP5 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Live Patching 12 SP5 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Live Patching 15 SP3 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Live Patching 15 SP3 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Live Patching 15 SP4 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Live Patching 15 SP4 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Live Patching 15 SP5 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Live Patching 15 SP5 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP3 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP4 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP5 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Development Tools 15 SP3 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Development Tools 15 SP4 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Development Tools 15 SP5 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Public Cloud 15 SP5 | kernel-source-azure | Unsupported |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP4 LTSS EXTREME CORE | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP4 LTSS EXTREME CORE | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP5 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP5 | kernel-source-azure | Unsupported |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP5-LTSS | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP5-LTSS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP5-LTSS | kernel-source-azure | Unsupported |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP5-LTSS Extended Security | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP5-LTSS Extended Security | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP3 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP3-LTSS | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP3-LTSS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP4 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP4-LTSS | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP4-LTSS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP5 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP5 | kernel-source-azure | Unsupported |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP5-LTSS | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP5-LTSS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server LTSS Extended Security 12 SP5 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server LTSS Extended Security 12 SP5 | kernel-source-azure | Unsupported |
SUSE Manager Proxy 4.3 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Proxy 4.3 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Proxy LTS 4.3 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Proxy LTS 4.3 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Retail Branch Server 4.3 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Retail Branch Server 4.3 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Retail Branch Server LTS 4.3 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Retail Branch Server LTS 4.3 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Server 4.3 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Server 4.3 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Server LTS 4.3 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Server LTS 4.3 | kernel-source | Not affected |
Products past their end of life and not receiving proactive updates anymore. | ||
SUSE CaaS Platform 4.0 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Enterprise Storage 6 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Enterprise Storage 7 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Enterprise Storage 7.1 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 11 SP4 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 12 SP2 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 12 SP4 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP1 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP2 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP3 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP4 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP5 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1-ESPOS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1-LTSS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2-ESPOS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2-LTSS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-ESPOS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15-ESPOS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15-LTSS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Micro 5.0 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP1 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Basesystem 15 SP2 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Development Tools 15 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Development Tools 15 SP1 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Development Tools 15 SP2 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Point of Sale 12 SP2-CLIENT | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15 SP2 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15 SP3 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15 SP3 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15 SP4 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15 SP4 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Real Time 15 SP5 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP4 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP4 LTSS | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP4 LTSS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP4-LTSS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP2 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP2-BCL | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP2-ESPOS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP2-LTSS | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP2-LTSS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP4 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP4-ESPOS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP4-LTSS | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP4-LTSS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP1 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP1-BCL | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP1-LTSS | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP1-LTSS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP2 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP2-BCL | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP2-LTSS | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP2-LTSS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP3-BCL | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15-LTSS | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15-LTSS | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Raspberry Pi 12 SP2 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 12 SP2 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 12 SP4 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 SP1 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 SP2 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 SP3 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 SP3 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 SP4 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 SP4 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 SP5 | kernel-default | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 SP5 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP Applications 15 SP5 | kernel-source-azure | Unsupported |
SUSE Manager Proxy 4.0 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Proxy 4.1 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Proxy 4.2 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Retail Branch Server 4.0 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Retail Branch Server 4.1 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Retail Branch Server 4.2 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Server 4.0 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Server 4.1 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Manager Server 4.2 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE OpenStack Cloud 7 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE OpenStack Cloud 9 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE OpenStack Cloud Crowbar 9 | kernel-source | Not affected |
SUSE Real Time Module 15 SP3 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Real Time Module 15 SP4 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Real Time Module 15 SP5 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
openSUSE Leap 15.3 | kernel-source | Not affected |
openSUSE Leap 15.3 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
openSUSE Leap 15.4 | kernel-source | Not affected |
openSUSE Leap 15.4 | kernel-source-azure | Unsupported |
openSUSE Leap 15.4 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
openSUSE Leap 15.5 | kernel-source | Not affected |
openSUSE Leap 15.5 | kernel-source-azure | Unsupported |
openSUSE Leap 15.5 | kernel-source-rt | Not affected |
SUSE Timeline for this CVE
CVE page created: Mon Jul 28 18:26:57 2025CVE page last modified: Sat Aug 9 18:22:47 2025